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What is HTTP?

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the prepare of rules for transferring files -- such as text, images, sound, video and other multimedia files -- over the spider web. As soon every bit a user opens their web browser, they are indirectly using HTTP. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols, which forms the foundation of the internet. The latest version of HTTP is HTTP/2, which was published in May 2015. It is an alternative to its predecessor, HTTP ane.one, simply does not it brand obsolete.

How HTTP works

Through the HTTP protocol, resources are exchanged betwixt client devices and servers over the internet. Client devices send requests to servers for the resources needed to load a web page; the servers ship responses dorsum to the customer to fulfill the requests. Requests and responses share sub-documents -- such as data on images, text, text layouts, etc. -- which are pieced together by a client web browser to display the total web page file.

In improver to the web page files it tin can serve, a web server contains an HTTP daemon, a plan that waits for HTTP requests and handles them when they arrive. A web browser is an HTTP client that sends requests to servers. When the browser user enters file requests by either "opening" a web file by typing in a URL or clicking on a hypertext link, the browser builds an HTTP asking and sends it to the Internet Protocol address (IP address) indicated by the URL. The HTTP daemon in the destination server receives the request and sends back the requested file or files associated with the request.

Client devices use HTTP to communicate with servers online and admission web pages.

To aggrandize on this example, a user wants to visit TechTarget.com. The user types in the web address and the computer sends a "GET" request to a server that hosts that address. That Become request is sent using HTTP and tells the TechTarget server that the user is looking for the HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) lawmaking used to structure and give the login page its look and feel. The text of that login folio is included in the HTML response, but other parts of the folio -- particularly its images and videos -- are requested by separate HTTP requests and responses. The more requests that are made -- for example, to call a page that has numerous images -- the longer it volition take the server to reply to those requests and for the user'southward organisation to load the page.

When these request/response pairs are being sent, they use TCP/IP to reduce and transport information in small packets of binary sequences of ones and zeros. These packets are physically sent through electrical wires, cobweb optic cables and wireless networks.

The requests and responses that servers and clients employ to share data with each other consist of ASCII code. Requests country what information the customer is seeking from the server; responses contain lawmaking that the client browser will translate into a web page.

HTTP vs. HTTPS

HTTPS is the use of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) as a sublayer nether regular HTTP application layering. HTTPS encrypts and decrypts user HTTP folio requests as well equally the pages that are returned by the web server. Information technology likewise protects against eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. HTTPS was adult by Netscape. Migrating from HTTP to HTTPS is considered benign, as it offers an added layer of security and trust.

HTTP requests and responses

Each interaction betwixt the customer and server is called a bulletin. HTTP messages are requests or responses. Client devices submit HTTP requests to servers, which respond by sending HTTP responses back to the clients.

HTTP requests. This is when a client device, such as an internet browser, asks the server for the information needed to load the website. The request provides the server with the desired information it needs to tailor its response to the client device. Each HTTP asking contains encoded data, with information such as:

• The specific version of HTTP followed. HTTP and HTTP/2 are the two versions.
• A URL. This points to the resource on the web.
• An HTTP method. This indicates the specific action the asking expects to receive from the server in its response.
• HTTP asking headers. This includes data such every bit what type of browser is being used and what information the request is seeking from the server. It can besides include cookies, which show data previously sent from the server treatment the request.
• An HTTP body. This is optional information the server needs from the request, such equally user forms -- username/countersign logins, curt responses and file uploads -- that are being submitted to the website.

HTTP responses. The HTTP response message is the data received by a client device from the web server. Every bit its name suggests, the response is the server's reply to an HTTP asking. The information contained in an HTTP response is tailored to the context the server received from the request. HTTP responses typically include the following data:

• HTTP status lawmaking, which indicates the status of the asking to the client device. Responses may betoken success, an informational response, a redirect, or errors on the server or customer side.
• HTTP response headers, which send information about the server and requested resources.
• An HTTP body (optional). If a request is successful, this contains the requested information in the form of HTML code, which is translated into a web page by the client browser.

HTTP status codes

In response to HTTP requests, servers often effect response codes, indicating the asking is being processed, there was an error in the asking or that the request is beingness redirected. Common response codes include:

• 200 OK. This ways that the request, such as GET or Postal service, worked and is existence acted upon.
• 300 Moved Permanently. This response lawmaking means that the URL of the requested resource has been inverse permanently.
• 401 Unauthorized. The client, or user making the request of the server, has not been authenticated.
• 403 Forbidden. The client's identity is known just has not been given admission authorization.
• 404 Not Found. This is the well-nigh frequent error code. It ways that the URL is not recognized or the resource at the location does not exist.
• 500 Internal Server Error. The server has encountered a situation it doesn't know how to handle.

Proxies in HTTP

Proxies, or proxy servers, are the application-layer servers, computers or other machines that go betwixt the customer device and the server. Proxies relay HTTP requests and responses between the client and server. Typically, in that location are one or more proxies for each client-server interaction.

Proxies may exist transparent or not-transparent. Transparent proxies practise non alter the client'south request merely rather ship it to the server in its original grade. Non-transparent proxies will modify the client's request in some capacity. Non-transparent proxies can be used for additional services, often to increase the server'south retrieval speed.

Spider web developers tin can use proxies for the following purposes:

• Caching.Enshroud servers can save web pages or other internet content locally, for faster content retrieval and to reduce the demand for the site'due south bandwidth.
• Authentication.Controlling access privileges to applications and online data.
• Logging . The storage of historical data, such as the IP addresses of clients that sent requests to the server.
• Web filtering. Controlling access to web pages that can compromise security or include inappropriate content.
• Load balancing . Client requests to the server tin exist handled past multiple servers, rather than but one.

For more information on how proxies work and more than types of proxies, click hither.

This was last updated in March 2021

Continue Reading Virtually HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

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• Analyzing the flaws of Adobe's HTTP security headers

• How to add HTTP security headers to diverse types of servers

• 12 common network protocols and their functions explained

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Source: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/HTTP-Hypertext-Transfer-Protocol

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